U.S. nuclear energy ‘revival’ led by tech companies, government investment

Disasters at nuclear plants in Chernobyl in 1986 and the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan in 2011 play a large role in the minds of opponents.

“Anyone who thinks the public perception is overwhelmingly pro-nuclear is probably kidding themselves,” Dr. Lane Carasik, assistant professor in the Virginia Commonwealth University Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, told UPI. “A lot of work needs to continue to be done by organizations to make sure the public is appropriately informed about the benefits and dangers of nuclear power. There are both.”

The benefits touted by companies making the investments and the U.S. government center around reducing carbon emissions. This goal has been a crucial point of emphasis for the Biden administration in the face of increasingly destructive and frequent extreme weather events around the globe.

The U.S. Department of Energy announced in October it is opening applications for $900 million in funding to build small modular nuclear reactors. The program is part of the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law that passed in 2021.

“Revitalizing America’s nuclear sector is key to adding more carbon free energy to the grid and meeting the needs of our growing economy — from A.I. and data centers to manufacturing and healthcare,” Jennifer M. Granholm, U.S. secretary of energy, said in a statement.

Earlier in the fall, the Biden administration announced the approval of a $1.52 billion loan to restart the Palisades nuclear plant in Covert Township, Mich. It would be the first restart of a nuclear plant once believed to be permanently out of commission in U.S. history.

Carasik said he is not surprised that the government is playing a role in revitalizing the nuclear energy industry. Along with the need for a diverse slate of energy sources, he said it is imperative that the United States nurture the field of nuclear science or risk losing experts to other countries.

“If we do not train in nuclear science-adjacent fields, we could lose them potentially to other countries and potentially to adversarial countries,” Carasik said.

Support for nuclear energy has been burgeoning in Michigan even prior to the announcement.

A bipartisan, bicameral caucus was formed in the state legislature. The state has agreed to put $300 million toward the Palisades restart. The Michigan Chamber of Commerce and Gov. Gretchen Whitmer have also called it a positive development.

Holtec International, the company that purchased the Palisades plant in 2022, has agreed to sell a portion of the energy it produces to Hoosier Energy in Indiana.

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The plant is capable of producing 800 megawatts of electricity, enough to power about 800,000 homes. More capacity may be coming as Holtec International is developing two small modular reactors to be built near the Palisades plant capable of producing 300 megawatts each.

That additional energy will be needed as Microsoft and telecommunications company Switch eye building new data centers in western Michigan, according to Ed Rivet, executive director of the Michigan Conservative Energy Forum.

Existing data centers consume about 4% of all electricity generated in the United States. That need is expected to more than double by 2030 as more data centers are constructed, according to the Department of Energy.

“It’s pretty shattering from a paradigm sense, seeing companies like Google (request for proposal) to the private sector ‘Will you build a nuclear plant next to our data center?'” Rivet said.

The investments from the tech industry play a large role in the recent nuclear resurgence. Energy hungry data centers will require a reliable energy source. Rivet’s organization calls for an “all of the above” approach to powering the nation’s grid, including wind and solar energy. He believes nuclear energy must be part of that equation as well.

Unlike wind and solar, nuclear energy is produced on a constant basis regardless of the elements. Nuclear energy has no carbon footprint and its physical footprint — the land a nuclear plant sits on — is drastically smaller than the land covered by solar panels to produce the same amount of energy.

Christopher Ortiz, senior communications specialist with Kairos Power, told UPI that energy density is an attractive feature of nuclear reactor technology.

“Kairos Power’s advanced reactor technology offers incredible energy density,” Ortiz said. “One golf-ball-sized fuel pebble can produce the same amount of energy as burning four tons of coal.”

Google signed an agreement to buy nuclear energy produced by Kairos Power’s small modular reactors to support the needs of its artificial intelligence systems.

“This landmark announcement will accelerate the transition to clean energy as Google and Kairos Power look to add 500 (megawatts) of new 24/7 carbon-free power to U.S. electricity grids,” Michael Terrell, Google senior director of energy and climate, said in a statement.

The projects in this agreement are slated to be finished and in operation across multiple plants by 2035.

Kairos Power, based in California, was founded in 2016 and employs more than 480 people. The company has hired more than 130 employees at its plant in Albuquerque, N.M., with an average salary of more than $100,000. It will also create more than 55 “high-skilled, high-paying” jobs to build, operate and decommission the Hermes Low-Power Demonstration Reactor near Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Construction on the Hermes reactor began in July. It will be used to develop the company’s commercial advanced nuclear reactor technology.

Nuclear energy accounts for about 50% of U.S. clean energy production, according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

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The Hermes reactor is projected to be complete in 2027.

The Palisades Nuclear Plant is not the only U.S. plant set to be brought back online. Microsoft agreed to a deal with Constellation, a Baltimore based energy company, to restart Three Mile Island Unit 1 in Londonderry Township, Pa.

The plant will produce 835 megawatts of electricity and create an estimated 3,400 jobs. It was shut down in 2019.

Three Mile Island Unit 2 was the site of a meltdown in 1979, leading to the evacuation of thousands of people. Like Chernobyl and Fukushima, Three Mile Island evokes memories of what can go wrong with nuclear power.

Dr. Arthur Motta of the Ken and Mary Alice Lindquist Department of Nuclear Engineering at Penn State told UPI that the Three Mile Island meltdown brought about positive changes to the industry. Better reporting and sharing of information about malfunctions among plants internationally has increased safety and reliability.

The challenge nuclear energy faces in the realm of public perception is cutting through the fear that has been harnessed in decades of pop culture depictions of nuclear disasters. Godzilla, the Fallout video game series and Homer Simpson bumbling around the Springfield power plant have fed into misconceptions about the industry, Motta said.

“It strikes something in the human psyche that makes people afraid,” Motta said. “People evaluate risk based on their familiarity. Nuclear is the unknowable. People don’t know about it.”

Critics of nuclear energy have raised questions about waste disposal. Nuclear waste looks far different from the barrels filled with glowing green liquid that create three-eyed fish on The Simpsons. Instead, most waste comes in the form of nuclear fuel rods. They are highly radioactive but are not voluminous.

Motta explains that the total volume of the nuclear waste produced in the United States in the last 40 years could be stacked 2 to 3 meters high across one football field. There is about 90,000 metric tons of spent nuclear waste in the country, according to the U.S. Government Accountability Office. The Department of Energy is responsible for disposing high-level waste — like the nuclear fuel rods — in a yet-to-be-built repository.

In 1987, the government designated the Yucca Mountain in Nevada to be the site of a waste repository. However, the government turned away from nuclear energy through the Obama administration while lawmakers came to an impasse over next steps. The Obama administration also began to explore alternatives to the Yucca Mountain.

Currently nuclear waste remains stored in spent fuel pools — large, reinforced concrete casks lined with steel. The fuel is submerged in 40 feet of water and cooled for five years or more before being moved to a dry cask to be stored for up to 40 more years.

This method of storage is considered temporary by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

The radioactivity of nuclear waste decays over time. After 40 years, the radioactivity of a spent fuel rod is about one-thousandth of what it was when it was first placed in storage, according to the World Nuclear Association.

Motta said the chief concern about storage of waste among skeptics is that radiation will make its way into the water table due to the containment casks corroding and the waste dissolving.

“The water table goes very deep. You bury the waste 5,000 feet and you’re still well above the water table,” he said. “There is no way for the waste to be released, especially because of the corrosion-resistant canisters and drip shields. Really, it’s a question of if you believe the disposal proceeding can be done safely and I think it can.”